The underrepresentation of women in science and engineering is the Essay

The underrepresentation of women in science and engineering is the result of innate differences in aptitude and interests. Agree or disagree, with reference to relevant evidence - Essay Example This researcher claims that such is a farce and is untrue. Far from the decadence of the past, women in this millennium has given much participation in labor, construction, decision-making, legislations, research, science, aviation, military service and in endeavors that require calculable minds. The oppressive condition within the society and even within the confines of homes dialectically encouraged them to reclaim those rights to attain education, to become part of the national workforces, and to become significant partners for societal development. To have a global glimpse of women’s space, Index Mundi reported that the world has global population of nearly 7 billion people, of which, about 88.3% males and 79.2% females from aged 15 above have attain a certain level of literacy (Barrientos & Soria, 2012). It’s also reported that there are about 793 million illiterate populace are in Bangladesh, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Nigeria and Pakistan (Barrientos & Soria, 2012). Data further unveiled that most those who are unable to attain degree of education are women comprising about 2/3 of such populace who are concentrating within the regions of Arab states, South and West Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. While this is a challenging fact confronting the world’s educational system, there is however some significant changes in the ratio of women enjoying degrees on science, math and engineering. The Committee on Science, Engineering and Public Policy [CSEPP] (2007) for instance, cited that in Vancouver from 1974 to 2004, women comprise one-third of doctorate in 50 leading chemistry departments; 27% form mathematics and statistics, and one-fourth in physics and astronomy (p.14). There were also one-fourth of women who garnered doctorate degrees in chemical engineering and 15% in general engineering course (CSEPP 2007, p. 14). The same institution observed the while there were many women who

Business Model and Strategic Plan Essay Example for Free

Business Model and Strategic Plan Essay Advance Idea Mechanics is the new military weapon division of The Renco Group Inc. It is a promising addition that is designed to take its parent company to brand new heights in prestige and financial stability. In previous drafts, we outlined what Advance Idea Mechanics could do for its shareholders, now it is time to analyze how it compares to the vision and the strategic goals of The Renco Group Inc. Balanced Scorecard and Communication Plan The balanced scorecard is a strategic planning and management system that is used significantly in business and industry, government, and nonprofit organizations worldwide to line up business activities to the vision and strategy of the organization, improve internal and external communications, and observe organization performance against strategic goals. It is â€Å"A set of four measures directly linked to a company’s growth† (Pearce Robinson, 2009, p. 202). Here is a picture of how Advance Idea Mechanics matches up with The Renco Group Inc. vision and strategy. Financial Perspective – Shareholder’s Value The Balanced Scorecard or â€Å"dashboard† is a tool that gives managers and executives a â€Å"balanced† view of what the company is doing on the business side and how they are performing within the scope to the vision and strategy of the organization. The main responsibility of the company is to increase net revenue and achieve financial constancy while providing the best product and service at a reasonable price, on condition that customer satisfaction is met. To appraise the financial constancy of an organization, it is essential to compute the operating cost, growth income and return on interest and capital, and earnings per share. By utilizing efficient  processes we will be able to reduce expenses by lowering costs, improving on-stream time, and growing revenues. Advance Idea Mechanics new â€Å"state of the art† platform and processes will surely please The Remco Group Inc. as well as their shareholders of their financial viability. Customer Value Perspective If a business customer is satisfied, then a business knows that it is successful. Delivering uniformity in the price and superiority in your product helps to give the company an edge, over the competition, in the market, separating the company’s product by brand name or a particular image. This is how each company attracts the consumers, and builds hopefully, a long-term business relationship with the customer. Advance Idea Mechanics is doing that with the government by giving them the most advance products on the military stage. They not only sell a unique product, but they also provide a service, that no matter what their device encounters, Advance Idea Mechanics will provide a solution. Since our products will be in war torn areas it is important to know that safety of the people who use our product will be one of our main objectives. Advance Idea Mechanics wants to make sure that our clients leave their vehicles the same way they got in their vehicles. Advance Idea Mechanics will do on-going surveys to see what we can do to improve on the safety, care, comfort, and reliability of all the products we make. There will be a team operating twenty four hours a day to address any concerns that our clients might have. At Advance Idea Mechanics customer satisfaction is number one. Internal Business Process When it comes to customer satisfaction strategic planning is a must. It is used to raise customers and to present new products and to improving business capabilities. It is critical that we describe what our strategy is and use this to increase market share. By understanding our position, the company will be able to have the power it needs to evaluate its performance and line up with the vision and mission statement of the corporation. There will be internal audits of the goals and performance of the company, conducted daily, to monitor the balance scorecard to make any adjustments needed to have a flawless process, always keeping the concern of  the client at important. The Renco Group Inc. and its subsidiary, Advance Idea Mechanics, understand that the United States is a larger and powerful client and the earning potentials from this alliance can be huge. This is why it is important that we look at every metric to ensure that we are doing everything we can to satisfy the governme nt and stay loyal to our mission and vision. Learning and Growth Perspective The final piece of the Balance Scorecard is the learning and growth process. It is here that the vision aligns flawlessly with the company’s so that it can gain an aggressive upper hand and position in the marketplace. It focuses on the expansion and success of the business, and it focuses on the interior and exterior public, their thoughts and actions. The Renco Group Inc. and Advance Idea Mechanics use the Balance Scorecard as a tool to help the company to maintain its standing and also promote technological improvements. Advance Idea Mechanics will be a division that lives in the world of technological development and without it; it will be just another company. This is why one of the main changes that this perspective brings is an emphasis on employee training, to make ready for action employees, which will constantly improve their knowledge base and make them an effective part of our new vision. The second word in Advance Idea Mechanics is â€Å"idea† and we hope we can pull some of our inspiration from the people who work within the company. With a new division, fresh ideas, and a plan for internal employee training, The Remco Group Inc and Advance Idea Mechanics see no reason why we will not have great employee retention and a spirited workforce. Conclusion Advance Idea Mechanics is a new dream, but it is predicated on an idea that got its start from The Remco Group Inc. founding business. By using the Balance Scorecard and using the Communication Plan we know that we can implement strategic plan that will adhere to the principles outlined by the company’s vision and mission statements. It will take all four perspectives: Financial, Customer Perspective, Internal Business Process and Learning and Growth to move the company to the next level, but with monitoring and adjustments, shareholders will reap the benefits when the day is done. References Pearce II, J. A., Robinson, R. B. (2009). Strategic Management: Formulation, Implementation and Control (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. The Renco Group Inc.. (2014). Retrieved from http://rencogroup.net/index.php

viability of Primark’s strategy in current recession in the United Kingdom

viability of Primark’s strategy in current recession in the United Kingdom 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction Literature reviews are considered as an essential part of the research to understand the theory related to research problem and find out the specific research gap. The research aim is to identify viability of Primarks strategy in current recession in the United Kingdom. In order to fulfil the purpose of the research topic, some selected reviews of the literature have been presented here. This chapter begins by depicting the literature on factors of consumer behaviour, effects of recession and its influence in marketing, recession and economy of Great Britain. After that it follows the concept of marketing strategy and general marketing strategy during recession. At the end of this chapter, it concludes with a summary of the key points made through the literature. 2.2 Consumer behaviour According to Lancaster et al (2002) the main objective of marketing is to understand and identify the needs of the consumer and satisfy the customer accordingly. For which marketer need to understand what influences these needs and how the customer satisfy their needs. It is necessary for marketer to understand the buying behaviour of the existing and the potential customer. The consumer buying behaviour consists of the products and services consumer used to buy for their personal and household use. There are two types of influences that influence customers to buy products or services. It influence customers memory subconsciously or consciously to take the decision for buying. These influences are environmental and individual. The environmental influences are external effects to the customers purchasing decision. Individual influences are personal to the consumer which also affects the purchasing decision. According to Kotler and Armstrong (2010) the central question of marketer is how consumers respond to different kind of marketing efforts by different companies. For the marketer it is important to understand the buyer behaviour. The buyer behaviour is the final consumer that they buy goods and services for the personal consumption. But it is not a simple task to understand this behaviour. The stimulus-response model is a model to give an idea of consumer buyer behaviour. The diagram of stimulus-response model is given below. This model consists of marketing stimuli and other stimuli. Marketing stimuli are the four Ps of marketing. They are product, price, promotion and place. The other stimuli are the major forces and events of the environment around the buyer. These are economical, technological, political and cultural. These stimuli go through the buyer black box which afterwards creates the buyer responds accordingly. In the buyer black box first buyer characteristics influences by different stimuli and then decision making process works according to the buyer behaviour. Buyer takes decision by choosing products, brands, retail, dealer, purchasing amount or frequency of purchase. The buyer characteristics are strongly influenced by different factors which are not under the control of the marketer. Marketer needs to take these factors under consideration. These factors are cultural, social, personal and psychological. The diagram of the factor influences buyer behaviour is given below. Cultural factors had a broad and deep influence on the behaviour of consumer. It is essential to know and understand the culture of buyer, subculture and social class. Culture is the main reason for an individuals wants and behaviour. Buyer culture is learned by a member of society from family and other important institution. These are the set of basic values, perceptions wants and behaviour. Again, each culture has smaller subculture or group of people. They shared same valued system. It is based on common life experiences and situations. Mainly subcultures include nationalities, religions, racial groups and the geographic regions. For example subculture group in USA are Hispanic, African American and Asian American. Besides, in every society there are some similar class who has same types of needs, interest, values and behaviour. In a word there must be an order of different classes in the society. The similar class responds similarly to a product in the society. Marketer needs to understand the different class in the society. Social class can be divided like: upper class, middle class, working class and lower class. These classes are divided in the society according to the income, occupation, education and wealth of people in the society. However, social factors also influenced the consumer purchase decision. These factors are small groups, opinion leader, family and social roles and status which influence the behaviour of the buyer. Persons behaviour is influenced by many small groups. This group can be two or more people interact together. Reference group has a direct impact on persons behaviour and attitude. People sometimes influenced by the reference group which they do not belong to. This group will be aspirational group. People wishes belong to different aspirational group. Sometimes people are influenced by the opinion leader. An opinion leader is a person in a reference group who has special skills, knowledge and personality. By which they can influence others in the society. Family member also has strong influence on the behaviour of the buyer. Marketer needs to understand the role of husband, wife and children on the purchase decision of different products, goods and services. Persons position in a family, class and organization is known as role and status of that person. People choose produ cts and service according to the roles and status. Marketer needs to know all of these which influence the buyer behaviour of the consumer. Furthermore, physiological factors influence the buyer choices. These are four major factors. Such as: motivation, perception, learning and beliefs attitudes. Motivation is a kind of drive that is directing the person to find satisfaction of the need. A person tires to satisfy the most important need at the first. Again, a person already motivated is ready to act accordingly. Perception is the process through which people interpret, select and organize information in a meaningful way. People learn from the experience. When people learns it changes their behaviour. As for example people buy Nikon camera. If the experience is rewarding people will buy this camera again and again. Through the learning and experience people acquires belief and attitudes. Belief is a thought a person holds about something. Again, people have different attitude towards different religion, cloths, foods, politics, music and all most for everything. Attitude is a favourable or unfavourable evaluation or fee lings towards different object or idea. Buyer behaviour are also influenced by these psychological factors. Finally, personal factors influence buyer decision as well. These factors are age lifecycle stage, occupation, lifestyle personality, self-concept and economic situation. People always change the consumption of products and services and buyer behaviour throughout the lifecycle. Normally, the lifecycle stages include young singles, married couples with children and old singles. Now-a-days marketer are catering for some non-traditional growing consumers like unmarried couple, single marrying later in the age, same sex couple, single parents and extended parents. Besides, persons occupation affects the buying decision. The products bought by the blue collar will be different than that of white collar people in the society. Marketer needs to identify different occupational group for their product in the society. Moreover, consumer buying behaviour depends on the individuals life style. Lifestyle is a pattern of living which is expressed by individual activities, interest and opinions. Besides, each person personality influences his or her buying decision. Personality is the individuals unique psychological characteristics. This can be described as self-confidence, dominance, sociability, adaptability, aggressiveness etc. Brand choice depends on these different human traits. Another factor is the economic situation which affects the individual buying behaviour. Product choice depends on a persons economic situation. Sometimes marketers target consumers who have lots of money and resources. For which they charge prices to match with them. And sometimes marketer target consumers in a more modest way. So, consumers personal income, savings and interest rates all of these need to take account by marketers in case of income sensitive goods. They need to watch the trends in the economic situation of the consumer. If there is an indication of downturn in the economy or point to a recession marketer need to take necessary steps. They need to redesign, reposition and re-pr ice their products closely. According to Needham et al (2003) economic environment consists of those that influence consumer buying power, buying decision and marketing strategies. It includes stages of business cycle, inflation, unemployment rates, resource availability and changes in disposal income. There are different stages in business cycle. Recession is one of them. Consumer buying power declines during recession. It may remain in the depressed level when economy enters the recovery period. In the last recession during 1990 in EU consumer buying pattern shifted to more basic products and more functional products cost lower price. Consumer stops spending on nonessential products and rejecting the decision on buying luxurious items like cars. In the recession consumer are on more likely to save rather than spending and buying on credit. In the recession power shifted from the producer to buyer. Unemployment rises during recession. It affects marketing by modifying consumer behaviour. As a result consumer w ill have less income to spend and buying behaviour is likely to be affected. A brief overview of recession and effects in economy which influence the consumer purchase decision are depicted below. 2.3 Recession According to Stock Market Investors (2008) Economic recession is defined as a significant decline in the economic activity across a country, lasting longer than a few months. Normally, the recession is visible in real GDP growth, industrial production, wholesale-retail trade, real personal income and employment. According to tutor2u.net (2009) there are different trends in economy. These trends can be categorized as slump, recession, recovery, and boom. Boom is a period of fastest economic growth due to increase in demand. Slump is a stage when output slows down in economy due to decreasing in demand. As a result confidence in the economy starts to suffer. Recession is a period when the level of output decrease actually and unemployment rises, business looses their confidence and consumer start to save rather than spending. Government will spend more money for unemployment benefit and will get less money from income tax and vat. And recovery is a period when the economy goes through recession and boom. 2.3.1 Effects of recession and its influence on marketing According to Shama (1993) recession creates decreasing demand of raw materials, products, and services. Different researchers and federal agencies technical operational measurement indicates the beginning, progress, and ending period of recession. If for the two consecutive quarters gross national product (GNP) declines it is called as recession in USA. Otherwise, if the leading indicators (LEIs) in the economy decline for three straight months then it also figure out as recession. During the recession marketing strategy need to be modified. In order to be profitable and consumer-responsive it needs to be aware of effects in the recession and necessary steps should be taken. In general terms it means to adapt the marketing mix and/or the target markets needs to be changed. According to Stock Market Investors (2008) there are different cycles in the economy. Recession is one of them. During the recession unemployment rises, prices of products start to increase and the living standard goes down. For which businesses stop in expanding. So, it can be said that recession started. There is another indicator of recession. It is decreasing the gross national product (GDP) of a nation. Many experts consider the negative GDP growth over two consecutive quarters in a as recession in the economy. However, even there was positive growth if it is slowing for several quarters recession seems to start. According to Dibb et al (1994) in the time of recession unemployment problem rises and buying power of the consumer declines. As a result many consumers become more price and value conscious because of decreasing of buying power. The products that are basic and functional customer tend to go for those products. People normally try to reduce the consumption of more expensive convenience foods. They try to save money by growing and preparing of their own food. They will buy fewer durable goods. And people will try to go for more repair and do-it-yourself products. In the time of recession some companies made mistake by reducing their marketing efforts. But it damages their ability to survive in this situation of the economy. Obviously, marketer needs to conduct some revision of their marketing activities during the recessionary period. In the economic downturn functional value of the products is the main concern of consumers. So, company must need to focus marketing research. This rese arch will help to determine precisely about buyers want on the functions of different product. After that it needs to make sure that these functions become part of the products. In the recession promotional efforts on different products should emphasise on the value and utility of it. Russ and Kirkpatric (1982) called business cycles as the fluctuations in the level of economic activity. It will cause changes in the price level which will cause inflation or deflation in the economy. But business cycles in the economy are more typically thought of in terms of production and employment. The bad time in the business cycle is the recessions or depressions with low production and employment. It is the bottom of business cycles. When there are upswings with the high production and employment it is termed as reflect of good times in the economy. The common measurement of business cycle is Gross National Products. By GNP it indicates of a country where it is in the business cycle. Total value of goods and services that are produced in a country is known as GNP. Business cycles also measured by the unemployment figure. It is difficult to understand the causes of business cycle. It is also difficult to predict their turning point of business cycle as well. But, it is import ant for the marketer to forecast the turning points in the business cycle. The sales of product rise and fall with fluctuations in the economy. So, marketer should be able to forecast on the business cycle. However, recession can cause inflation. Inflation is an increase in general price level. The introduction of inflation can be measured by the consumers when they feel pressure on their pocket books while shop for their goods and services. Indexes are used by the government to measure changes in price level. It can be done by using producer price index and the consumer price index. It reflects the market baskets percentage of changes in price of goods. According to the proportion of spending habits of consumer, market basket weight goods. If the individuals are spending for goods different from national market basket then they face more or less service price than average. Marketers are affected by inflation. It depends on direction amount and cause of price level changes. In general, consumers amounts of money are affected by inflation on normally what they have to spend and type of product they purchase. So, from the above literature about recession it is seen that this is a part of cycle in the economy. It can come in the economy which can be identified by figuring out some specific points in the economy. The main point is that there will be a decreasing trend in gross national product of a country. By which it is understandable that the economy is in recession. And if the recession or depression identified the people will stop spending. They will cut the extra price and because of unemployment and the decreasing value of money. They will become more price conscious. It needs to be accepted. For which they need to adopt strategy so that they can become loyal to the customer to conduct business in recession and survive for the existence. 2. 3.2 Recession and UK economy According to Euromonitor International (2009), UK entered in recession in late 2008. It was seen from the financial concerns of the previous year that the economy went to downwards. As a result UK consumers began to stop spending. The devaluing of the housing made the year 2008 as a challenging year for the retail environment. People become scared over job security because of the regular media reports on job losses. As a result a number of retailers entered to administration. It is not only in terms of consumers restricted disposable income but also for the rising in debts. According to BBC (2009) since 1991 official government figures have confirmed that UK is in recession for the first time. The widely accepted of the recession is, there will be a negative growth in the economy in two consecutive quarters in a year. In the last three months of 2008 UK gross domestic product (GDP) fell by 1.5%. Before that it dropped as 0.6% than this quarter. So, it means that the definition has been proved. Since 1980 it was the biggest quarter-on-quarter decline. This fall was 1.8% on same quarter a year ago. It was the lowest value of pound sterling in last 24-year against the dollar. It was one pound buying 1.355 dollar. The figure of Office for National Statistics (ONS) showed that largest contribution to the slowdown was made by manufacturing. Every element of economy shrank from the previous three months except of agriculture. Unemployment is rising faster than anywhere else. Besides, businesses were closing every day which is deeply worrying. The unemployment problem is increasing rapidly. Now, about 1.92 million people are out of work. The housing market is depressed and retail sales are in weak condition. The retail figure of December 2008 was raised by 1.6%. It was better than expected. But was done by heavy price-discounting and which should be treated with caution. Since 1955 on an average the recession lasted for three quarters in UK. But the last recession lasted for five quarters. This recession could be last until spring 2010 which is believed by many forecasters. There is a 2.1% decline in GDP in the year 2009 which was a consensus forecast. But in December it might drop to 1.5%. These highlights can be seen by rapidly deteriorating economic picture over recent weeks. As a result, Woolworths and Zavvi and a number of the UKs best known high street retailers gone into administration. Besides, lower value of pound sterling against the dollar which was slumped against the euro as well. In order to driving down the interest rate an d cut the cost of lending the Bank of England has aggressively cut interest rates to 1.5%. It was done to make easier for consumers and businesses to access credit. Banks are now reluctant to lend sufficiently. To encourage consumers for spending and boosting the retail sector for wider economy there was a temporary cut in value added tax from 17.5% to 15%. According to Walyat (2009) the total GDP contraction until now is -4% on a quarter on quarter basis. It is now against the forecast by him which was -6.3% total in the quarter three of 2009. The recent analysis suggests that during the second and third quarter the contraction of GDP is moderating. During the year 2010, GDP points to bounce back. However, because of the post general election tax hikes and deep public cutting on spending it will trigger a double dip recession during 2011 to 2012 according to the forecast which is shown on the above diagram. GDP contraction less than -6.3% it was against the forecast, which implies there will growth in economy in the year 2010. But it will not sustain in the year 2011 as the economy will do an about turn because of the unsustainable mountain of debt. 2.4 Strategy During this situation it needs to implement appropriate marketing strategy for get the consumer for their products. A brief overview of marketing strategy what it all about is described below. According to Mintzberg et al (1995) A strategy is the pattern or plan that integrates an organizations major goals, policies and actions sequence into a cohesive whole. A formulated strategy helps to marshal and allocate an organizations resources into a unique and viable posture based on its relative internal competencies and shortcomings, anticipated changes in the environment and contingent moves by the intelligent opponent. (p.5) Literature on marketing strategy and general strategy in recession are as follows: 2.4.1 Concept of Marketing Strategy According to Perreault and McCarthy (1999) a marketing strategy consists of a target market and a related marketing mix. It is a broad picture of a firms activity in a market. Target market and marketing mix are two interrelated part. In a target market there will be fairly homogeneous customer. A company wishes to appeal to those customers. The controllable variable is the marketing mix. Company puts these together to satisfy this target group. Marketing mix is being surrounded around the customer. A typical marketing mix includes some products offered at a price with some promotion. The reason is to tell potential customer about the product and a way to reach the customers place. According to Bearden et al (1995) marketing strategies consists of target market and marketing mix. First of all a target market need to select and after that marketing mix should be developed to satisfy that markets needs. Marketing exchanges are done with a defined group of consumers or organizations with whom a firm wants to interact. This group is the target market for that firm. Target market is appealed by an overall offer of marketing mix. Marketing mix consists of the decisions of four basic areas. They are product for example development of a product, service, or idea to exchange. Then the pricing like: what to exchange for the exchange. After that communications like as how to communicate with the target market about the possible exchange and finally distribution such as: how to get the product service or idea to the target market to consummate the exchange. The main key to marketing success is to satisfy the needs of the target market better than competitors. For which a c onsistent and integrated marketing mix need to be developed. According to Dibb et al (1994) first of all a target market need to select and analyze that market. After that an appropriate marketing mix for that market need to create and maintain. This is all about the marketing strategy. In elaborately means target market is the group of people to whom the organization wants to reach. And marketing mix are product, distribution, promotion, price and people. It will satisfy the people in that target market. In order to make the best use of the organization resources and tactics the marketing strategy is developed. It helps to articulate the plan to meet the objectives of the organization. It needs to deal with two broad set of variables to develop and manage different marketing activities. These variables are marketing mix and the marketing environment. Product, distribution, promotion, price and people are the decision variable of marketing mix. Organization has control over these factors. On the other hand economic, technological, political, l egal, regulatory, societal/green and competitive forces are the marketing environment variables. Organization has less control over these factors. But these factors affect buyer needs. It also affects decisions related to marketing mix variables. Marketer need to focus on different marketing task such as: market opportunity analysis, target market selection, marketing mix development and effective marketing development for developing and managing of marketing strategies. According to Kotler et al. (1999) target consumer is the centre of the marketing strategy. First of all company need to identify the total market. And then it divides the total market into smaller segments. After that company goes to select the most promising segments. And then company focuses to serving them. In order to serve the promising segment company needs design the marketing mix. Marketing mix are product, price, place and promotion. By using the mechanisms of company goes to work on them. Marketing mix is under the control of the organization. Number of factors need to take under consideration in order to identify an appropriate marketing strategy. These factors are target consumer, competitive environment, demand measurement and forecasting, market segment and market targeting. A short overview of these factors is as follows: Todays marketing place is very competitive. In order succeed in the todays market company needs to centered to the customer. Customers can be won from the competitor by delivering a greater value. However, before satisfying the customer company must understand first the needs of consumer and before going to satisfy them. After that company needs to know about the competitive environment around it. This environment is macro and micro. Political, economical, social and technological are the macro environment. All the organization faces it. Besides this companies also face a unique micro environment. After that it is the time to measure demand of the consumer. Company need to estimate the current and future size of the market and its segment. At first, company will identify all competing products. Then the current sale of the products needs to be estimated. Then it needs to determine whether the market is large enough to support another product profitably. It is equally important of the future growth of the market. If the forecast of the demand looks good then company decides to enter the market. Different types of customers, products and needs are the elements of a market. Marketer has to determine which segment offer the best opportunity in order to achieve the companys objective. In a market segment consumers responds similarly to a given set of marketing stimuli. Company can enter one or more segment of the given market after defining the market segment. Selecting one or more segments after evaluating each market segment is the market targeting. Large companies try to serve all market segments by offering range of products. On the other hand small companies decide to serve one or few special segments. According to Kotler and Armstrong (2008) company decides which market segment to enter. After that company decides how its market offering can be differentiated for each targeted segment. Company need to know about the position it wants to occupy in those segments. A companys product has a position in the market. It is a kind of position which occupies the mind of the consumer relative to the competitors product. By charging lower prices than competitors or by offering more benefits to justify higher prices can be done to offer greatest customer value. According to Wilson (1996) in order to get the competitive advantage over competitor, Michael Porter identified three types of generic marketing strategy in the year 1980. They are overall cost leadership, differentiation and focus. By pursuing a cost leadership strategy the organization concentrates upon achieving the lowest cost of production and distributions. So that it has the capability of setting its price at a lowers level than its competitors. In differentiation strategy the organization gives emphasis to a particular element of marketing mix that is seen important by customers. Focus strategy involves in concentrating its effort upon one or more narrow market segments rather than pursuing a broader based strategy. The firm will typically then depending upon the specific demands of the market, develop either a cost based or differentiated strategy. So, from the above literature about marketing strategy, it can be identified that it needs to know two main things for implementing the strategy. One is the target customer and another is the marketing mix. Marketing mix are product, price, promotion and place. If these are identified properly then it can be made an appropriate strategy for their business. It is important for an organization to run the business in a proper way with the right strategy. If the strategy fails then business will fail and incur losses in the long run. And if it is the recession the marketing strategy needs to be modified. A brief literature on marketing strategy in recession is as follows: 2.4.2 Marketing Strategy in Recession According to Shama (1993) during the recession, by using different strategies consumer demand can be stimulated. First of all target customers and the marketing mix need to redefine. Strategies can be offer the cheaper products, making the product line narrow, and use quantity discounts. Moreover, strategies can be changed by keep the price down, increase the promotion, and consumers need to get direct products offer. In order to protect from the recession, Bonoma (1991) advises to avoid practicing empty middle marketing, not to make mistake expansiveness for empire and need to do more for less. In a related study, Goerne (1991) suggest that in the promotion mix significantly more coupons need to use. To fight from the negative impact from sales during recession it needs to be done. It is important to make sure that the company is actually one of recession what the economic environment facing their organization. According to Dibb et al (1994) marketer and consumer decisions and activities both are influenced by economic and competitive forces of the marketing environment. This examines the effects of general economic condition. It also focuses on the buying power, willingness to spend, spending patterns and competition. In all countries the overall state of the economy fluctuates. These changes in general economic condition affects the forces of supply and demand, buying power, willingness to spend, consumer spending level and the intensity of competitive behaviour. Therefore current economic conditions and the changes in the economy have a broad impact on the success of the organizations marketing strategy. In the period of depression unemployment is extremely high and wages are very low. In this situation the total disposable income is at a minimum level. For which consumers loose their confidence in the economy. In order to remove the effect of recession and depression, governments need t o use both monetary and fiscal policies in the country. Money supply in the economy is controlled by the monetary policies employed by Government. As a result, it affects on spending, saving and investment by both individuals and businesses. Government is able to influence the amount of savings and expenditures through the establishment of the fiscal policies. Government need to adjust the tax structure and change the level of spending on benefits. Depression can be completely removed by the effective use of fiscal policies which is believed by some of the economic experts. According to Hudak (2009) for surviving in the downturn company need to know how it should market itself. Most of the companies respond in recession by cutting their budget to reduce cost. Often, marketin

Holden Essay -- essays research papers

Holden Caulfield, the narrator and the main character of The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, is a young adult, who, at first seems to simply describes his four day adventure in New York City after bring expelled from his forth school. However, at the same time he narrates more; through his many experiences, which he describes in the book, we can see the themes of the work. The theme that definitely stands out is the loss of innocence. Holden portrays himself as an individual, who does not want to grow up and change. From the beginning, it is obvious that Holden does not like anyone, except children. To Holden, the world around him, the adult world and all of its members, is phony. In other words, the innocent world of children is the only world that appeals to Holden. However, in the end the reader also gets to see Holden's change and eventual surrender to the adult world. The Catcher in the Rye is simply about Holden's futile resistance to growing up and his surrender. Holden's attempts to refuse maturing are seen through his failures in education, his attitude towards the adult world, and his caring for only children, but his sudden fall into maturity shows there is no escape from growing up. Holden's actions and the way he describes his experiences clearly show his refusal to grow up. The first sign of Holden's refusal to leave the childhood world behind is his constant failures in school. Holden has been kicked out of several schools already, from each one within a...

It Is Much Better to Die with Dignity Than to Live with Pain Essay

I believe to die with dignity is better than to live with pain, because of euthanasia, seppuku, and organ donation. Euthanasia is from the Greek word which means â€Å"good death†. It refers to end someone’s life without pain and agony. Seppuku is a form of Japanese convention suicide of honour, it is a way of dying with dignity. Organ donation is after the death of terminally ill people to donate their organs to those in need. To begin with euthanasia, euthanasia is a different way of die with dignity. In present-day society, it is considered by a vast majority of the population â€Å"right† when it serves human dignity, or a larger cause. (â€Å"Euthanasia Essay – Right to Die With Dignity†,n. d. ). Euthanasia is responsible for the patient, family responsibility, socially responsible, sensible, rather than immoral. For example, people with senile dementia can’t do anything. Even how they feel brings too much pressure to their family. Life like this, they can’t feel any happiness. Why can’t choose die with dignity? Secondly, it’s a prize of death which literally means† stomach cutting†is a particularly painful method of self-destruction, and prior to the emergence of the samurai as a professional warrior class, was totally foreign to the Japanese( â€Å"Seppuku – Ritual†,n. d. ). To the samurai, seppuku is not only a way to die, it stands for honour, courage, loyalty, and moral character. This is a way to die with dignity, although they were defeated. They don’t want to live with humiliation, so they rather prefer to die. Living in society is not just sleeping,eating,playing. This kind of thing, is a way to give expression to personal value. Further more, organ donation is very sacred way for a person to die. If they live with only pain and there is no way to save them, why they can’t choose medically assisted dying? Increasing number of people choose donate their organs after their death in present-day society. This is a helpful way for others who needed it. To some of people who accept donaor’s organs they can survive. According to the U. S. government, 77 people receive transplanted organs each day. That’s the good news. The bad news is that 19 people in the United States die each day waiting for an organ that never becomes available. Trisha(2011) Organ donation is not only an end of life decision, it can be used to help someone else live longer. On the other hand, organ donation isn’t legal in some of any other countries. There are some poor people or people who need money, they like to donate there blood, kidney, liver to hospital, then they can get substantial revenues. This is not good for people’s health, they can’t for money to organ donation. Organ donation is only for people who will be die, people should respect organs, rather than to make money then they only have to donate their organs. For government, they should control it in a better way. In conclusion, one person if he can’t do the best then choose seppuku, it not reflect he has failure. It is a other way to die with honor. One person if he rather chooses to be medically assisted dying in order to help others. Stand on a good chance, his death can rescue any other patients. One person if he live with only pain, why he can’t choose die with dignity? Life is only left pain, death for them is a better way. Death is not to end of someone’s life, it’s better to die with dignity rather than live with pain.

From the Great Wall to the Pyramids

The Great Wall of China and the Egyptian Pyramids are both Manmade Wonders of the World and belong to two of the oldest civilizations. Ancient Egypt and ancient China both have history that date back over 4,000 years ago, and though the two civilizations co-existed simultaneously with one another, there were little contact between the two. Yet apart from some underlying differences, there are many similarities between the two cultures as is highlighted when examining the Analects and The Book of the Dead.On the surface, the social behavior and values emphasized in the Analects and The Book of the Dead resemble one another; however, upon closer examination it becomes apparent that the origin and purpose behind the actions different greatly. The purpose of the two literatures contrast due to the lifestyles and beliefs that were held during each of the corresponding civilizations. Though the texts preach similar values and achieve similar results in terms of human behavior, the factor t hat ignited the creation of these two historical pieces differ tremendously.The Analects was written by Confucius, also known as Kong Zi, who resided during the Era of Warring State, which was a sub-period of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. This was a time of disunity and power struggle where the empire was divided into areas controlled feudal lords who desired to expand their land by conquering weaker neighboring states. In the midst of this, philosophies of humanity and order began to blossom, as people began to grow tiresome of the constant wars and chaos. Confucius emphasizes that, â€Å"If they [riches and honor] cannot be obtained in the proper way, they should not be held†(p. ). These philosophies flourished as people began wanting reforms towards a harmonious life. Confucianism contributed to the downfall of the Zhou Dynasty, bringing in new values and social behaviors to the civilization. The Book of the Dead, on the other hand, formed due to the Egyptians emphasis of the afterlife. The Ancient Egyptian society was centered on the Nile River that provided fertile soil for the Egyptians to be able to survive. They believed that this â€Å"gift† from the Nile was from the gods when the people found favor with them.To maintain the positive relationship with the Gods, and to insure a favorable afterlife, The Book of the Dead was created as a guide for the dead to pass over to the next life. A contrast can be drawn in what stemmed the creation for each of these texts. The Analects was created to bring about change in the Chinese Civilization while the Book of the Dead was designed to further the positive relationship Egyptian people had with the Gods. . Though the two texts have varying origins, similar values are emphasized throughout the two historical texts and the civilization as a whole.The Egyptian word â€Å"maat† is an important term in the Egyptian society and is seen throughout the Book of the Dead. It signifies not just truth, but also balance, justice, and order. The people are required â€Å"live on maat, and feed on maat† (p. 3), which further reveals that the people’s life revolve around order and truth. In a similar fashion, Confucius also emphasizes the revolving order of truth, education, and justice. In the Analects, Confucius instructs man to â€Å"recompense injury with justice, and recompense kindness with kindness†, an obvious dedication to not only justice and equality, but also sympathy.Further, Confucius reinforces that â€Å"the object of the superior man is truth, not food. † Similarly, the same parallel exists between the justice and equality aspect of the Analects and the â€Å"maat†, the order and truth, found in the Book of the Dead. Thus, the values conveyed in the Book of the Dead, for motivational purposes for a â€Å"good† afterlife, mirror the ones found in the Analects, as the common Chinese civilization also take to heart said values for t he benefit of society overall and to improve their current circumstances.Therefore, although there is a difference in origin and intention abiding by such values, it is hard to avoid the fact that the common values and social rules revolving around both civilizations’ societies closely resemble one another. Though the messages revealed in the two historical texts are similar, how the same objective is delivered differs, which in turn also affects the people’s lifestyle. The Book of the Dead provides of list of actions that must and must not be done, as it serves as a checklist of things the Egyptians must do before death such as, â€Å"I have not caused pain, I have cause no man to hunger, I have made no one weep.. (p. 1). The Analects instead provides words of wisdom and guidance for the people when making the decision like, â€Å"What you do not want done to yourself, do not to do others† (p. 1). This empowers the people to make the decision and to find what it right and wrong. Another factor that further emphasis the difference in what motivates the people to conduct good behavior is education. Confucianism seeks to emphasize the importance of education and provide the genesis of the concept of morality.In other words, the priority and heavy emphasis given to education by Confucianism exists to enable the education of right from wrong, and it is their belief that only through such truth and knowledge can one be conscious of choosing right over wrong. As an extension of that philosophy, Confucianism also argues that to know the ethics between right and wrong is essentially useless without applying and acting upon it. In contrast, the Book of the Dead doesn’t emphasize such an innate and acute developed sense of morality and ethics, and instead, dictates several rules of what to do and what not to do.The mystery or education needed to identify right from wrong is not necessary, and practically doesn’t exist, and instead a s imple adherence to discipline and obedience is the true test of their morality. In other words, the Egyptians did not place an emphasis of conscience or the development of ethics and morality, but instead places a greater emphasis on structured obedience, abiding by the rules stated in the Book of the Dead. All in all, it is no surprise that the two ancient civilizations live completely dissimilar lifestyles with contrasting beliefs, as they were isolated from one another.As the two began developing their culture, it is interesting to point out that their values and favored social conduct behavior ultimately became quite parallel. The emphasis in harmony, truth, and social order would not be prevalent in other societies, yet are in both the ancient Egyptians and the ancient Chinese civilizations. And yet, it is no doubt that their beliefs of the afterlife and motivation for following such conduct differs tremendously and is what gives each civilization their unique culture.

Sarbanes-Oxley Act Essay Example

Sarbanes Sarbanes-Oxley Act Essay Sarbanes-Oxley Act Essay Sarbanes-Oxley Act, signed into law by President George Bush on June 30, 2002, was crafted in order to improve securities legislature and to strengthen the requirements of audit checks. The act appeared in response to a string of corporate scandals and was meant as a reaction to these scandals. The article â€Å"Private Companies Feel Effects of Sarbanes-Oxley† by Thomas Hoffman concentrates on the effect the implementation of the act had on private companies. In essence, the law was meant to address issues of corporate fraud at publicly traded companies, but now the private companies are beginning to feel the impact as well. This is true in particular with reference to the so-called whistle-blowing provision that requires that â€Å"employees must be given the means to anonymously notify federal regulators or corporate audit committees of any potential wrongdoing within their companies† (Hoffman, 2003). The companies will have to adapt their internal computer systems to the need to provide confidential information. In addition, private companies considering incorporation will then have to meet all the requirements for public companies, including the costly compliance with Section 404 that requires companies to improve their internal controls and to report their adequacy in an annual report confirmed by auditors. Some private companies have already begun to update their internal controls in accordance with Sarbanes-Oxley. Thus, Fred Pauls, corporate records manager at J.R. Simplot Co. in Boise, Idaho, reports that their company â€Å"last year began indexing its purchase-order system so the application meets Sarbanes-Oxleys record-keeping requirements† (Hoffman, 2003). Besides, the prospect of an acquisition motivates a private company to strengthen internal controls to meet the requirements of the acquiring public company, states Jocelyn Arel, a partner in Testa, Hurwitz Thibeault LLP (Hoffman, 2003). Hoffman, T. (2003, August 4). Private Companies Feel Effects of Sarbanes-Oxley: Financial reporting law could force IT changes even at nonpublic businesses. Computerworld. Retrieved January 14, 2006 from computerworld.com/printthis/2003/0,4814,83672,00.html.

Nouns in Spanish and How They Are Used

Nouns in Spanish and How They Are Used Nouns are an essential part of speech in Spanish and English and can be found in most sentences. Definition of ‘Noun’ In English and Spanish, a noun is a word that refers to and names a person, place, thing, concept, entity, or action. By itself, a noun does not indicate any action or indicate how it relates to other words. Grammatically, a noun can serve as the subject of a sentence or the object of a verb or preposition. Nouns can also be described by adjectives or replaced by  pronouns. Similarities and Differences Between Nouns in Spanish and English Nouns function in much the same way in Spanish and English. They typically but not necessarily come before a verb and relate to other parts of speech in similar ways. They can be singular or plural. But there are at least three major differences: Spanish nouns have gender. Nouns listed as such in dictionaries are either masculine or feminine. The designation is often arbitrary - some words associated with males are feminine, and a word such as persona (person) is feminine whether it refers to males or females. Some words can be masculine or feminine depending on the meaning. The significance of gender is that masculine nouns are accompanied by masculine adjectives, and feminine nouns use feminine adjectives.Complete sentences in Spanish do not need nouns (or even pronouns)  if the meaning remains clear without them, in part because verb conjugation and gendered adjectives give more information about the subject in Spanish than they do in English. For example, rather than saying Mi coche es rojo for My car is red (coche is the word for car) you could say merely Es rojo if its clear what youre talking about.In English it is very common for nouns to function as adjectives; such nouns are called attributive nouns. For example, in dog leash, dog is an attributive noun. But with rare exceptions, Spanish connects the descriptive noun to the main noun using a preposition, often de. Thus a dog leash is either correa de perro (literally, leash of dog) or correa para perros (leash for dogs). Types of Spanish Nouns Spanish nouns can be classified in numerous ways; six types are listed below. The categories listed here are not exclusive - most nouns in fact fit into more than one category. And since Spanish and English both come from Indo-European, these categories apply to English as well. Common nouns are the most common type of noun. A common noun refers to things, being or concepts without referring to a specific one of them. For example, humano (human) is a common noun, but Catrina is not, because it refers to a specific human. Other examples of common nouns include ordenador (computer), valle (valley), felicidad (happiness), and grupo (group).Proper nouns refer to a specific thing or being. As in English, Spanish proper nouns are typically capitalized. Examples of proper nouns include Casa Blanca (White House), Enrique (Henry), Panam (Panama), and Torre Eiffel (Eiffel Tower). Some nouns can be either common or proper, depending on the context. For example, Luna is a proper noun when referring to the moon that circles the Earth (note the capitalization), while luna is a common noun when it refers to a planetary satellite in general.Countable nouns refer to entities that can be counted. Examples include casa (house), loma (hill), mà ³vil (cellphone), and nariz (nos e).Uncountable nouns, sometimes called partitive nouns, refer to things that cant be counted, such as concepts. Examples include tristeza (sadness), indignacià ³n (anger), and opulencia (opulence). Many nouns can be countable or uncountable depending on how they are used. For example, leche (milk) is countable when it refers to types of milk but uncountable when referring to quantities. Collective nouns are used to represent a group of individual nouns. Examples of collective nouns include rebaà ±o  (flock),  multitud (multitude), and equipo (team).Abstract nouns refer to qualities or concepts rather than things or beings. Examples include inteligencia (intelligence), miedo (fright), and virtud (virtue). Key Takeaways Nouns in English in Spanish function in sentences in very similar ways and can be classified in the same ways.A key difference between the nouns of the two languages is that Spanish nouns have gender.Pronouns sometimes substitute for nouns, and in Spanish subject nouns are frequently omitted from complete sentences.

Public Policy & Globalization and Outsourcing Essay

Public Policy & Globalization and Outsourcing - Essay Example The various steps are problem identification, policy formulation, policy adoption, policy implementation and policy evaluation (This Nation, n.d.). The problems that lead to the formulation of public policy are generally identified by spotting the causes and the factors contributing to the problem. This is the first step involved in the process of formulating public policy. This stage looks after various aspects of the problem. It identifies the degree of awareness among the commoners about the problem. This step also considers the various alternatives to reach to the solution of the problem in question (RCIP, 2002) A public policy may be adopted by certain group of people. These groups are the government players such as the courts, the executive branch and the legislative branch. There are various private players also like the citizens of the country and the interest groups (Pearson Education, 2010). The public policies are adopted for the welfare purpose of the citizens. There are various levels where the public policies enact differently. For example, at federal level such policies are levied to control the business units and the industries in a country. Moreover, for the protection of citizens staying in the country and abroad both the public policies are at times enacted distinctly. It also provides an aid to the central government as well as the state governments and the poor people by raising funds through various programs. These kinds of activities are covered by the public policies. They mainly aim at realizing the social goals (Pearson Education, 2010). The American President Barack Obama takes on bringing a change in the situation of benefitting significantly from the outsourcing Indian IT companies, has brought up a new policy. The policy developed has brought into existence a new tax code. According to this new tax code the companies that create employments in

Unit 1 Individual Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unit 1 Individual Project - Essay Example This encompasses the specific allocation of goods for individuals and households. For an individual, it can be as simple as choosing the activity for the day. For a business organization, it includes the setting of the price level for a product or service and finding the equilibrium quantity which can maximize the profit to be generated. Macroeconomics, on the other hand, is more comprehensive as it involves the examination of the performance of the economy as a whole. Instead of simply looking at a single business organization, this means focusing on the entire industry taking into account all industry players regardless of size or bargaining power (Cybereconomics 2008). An example of the macroeconomics is the determination of the factors which causes the increase in the Gross Domestic Production of China which has showed significant growth in the recent years. Being the vice president for sales for a reputable business organization, I am responsible for the purchasing decision for the company. At other times, I also handle the recruitment and application processing for prospective employees. These tasked have allowed me to utilize microeconomics in making my decisions. The purchase of input for the company’s operation has a lot of implication for the price of the product that we manufacture and in turn, the level of profit that we generate. Employing the skills and techniques that I have learned in microeconomics, I always make sure that I am buying inputs at the lowest possible cost which includes minimizing the cost per item, cost of ordering, and cost of handling the inventory. I make use of the economic quantity model which really helped our business organization maximize profits by the elimination of unwanted cost. The macroeconomics portion concerns my task in hiring prospective applicants. When searching for the right person for the job, I look beyond the knowledge and the skill of the candidate and also look at the people working for

The 4 Classical Activities in Client Relationship Management Assignment

The 4 Classical Activities in Client Relationship Management - Assignment Example This paper illustrates that through market orientation, value creation, and use of innovative IT, a firm is able to increase the number of first-time customers. After the purchase of a given product, the business heads for the second goal, retaining the clients. Customer retention is an imperative part of running a business. If customers do not become loyal clients, it becomes difficult to have referrals to the business and even more difficult to make predictions on demand. In other words, a firm must adopt strategies that help retain the customers who already made a purchase. While most customers would come back to buy the same product if they trust the seller as the best dealer of a particular merchandise, customers may come back for other goods and services, which brings about the third classical activity of CRM, extension. In customer extension, customers must be return customers first. This way, they return to buy products they have purchased before from which the firm introduce s them to other products and services. Sometimes the products may not even relate to those they had purchased before. The goal of a firm is to retain them as loyal customers offering them as diverse products as possible. Customer selection, lastly, involves knowing who the target is, what value they bring to the firm’s objectives, their life cycle, and where to find the customers. Without this knowledge, a firm may not make proper decisions in marketing and so on.

The Implications of MRSA on Wound Healing Case Study

The Implications of MRSA on Wound Healing - Case Study Example There have been confirmed reports that patients who are getting admitted to hospitals for the treatment are most affected group due to MRSA infection (Craig Brown, 2006). It was also found that patients who stay for longer period in hospitals are found to be infected with MRSA in higher rate. MRSA also affects the wound healing negatively. Hence the proper nursing treatment techniques and strict maintenance of hygiene is very much needed for effective cure of MRSA. It has been found in the research studies that MRSA worsens the conditions of wound healing and hence draws attention of medical personnel through out the world. The management of this disease has become more crucial especially in a community set up. The role of base level functionaries like nurses is quite phenomenal in successful management of this disease. Scotland also has a remarkable number of patients suffering from MRSA. It has become a frequent cause of nosocomial infection, its increasing prevalence posing serious therapeutic and infection control problems within the hospital environment. Extended hospitalisation and antibiotic therapy have been identified as additional risk factors for MRSA carriage and infection. It is not exaggerating to comment that MRSA is a major challenge to the burn patient, with potential to cause significant morbidity and mortality. Burn patients have been shown to become colonised and infected more readily than other patient groups. Extensive bu rn injuries are particularly susceptible to infection as a result of the disruption of the normal skin barrier and accompanying depression of immune responses. Microbial surveillance, epidemiological studies and the introduction of strict infection control regimes can definitely reduce the prevalence of MRSA but may be insufficient for eradication or prevention of outbreak situations if not accompanied with community awareness programmes in Scotland. It was found that nearly one fifth of patients who died after surgery in 2005 had developed an infection in hospitals according to a national survey in Scotland. A total of 126 people, 7.6% of those who died after surgery, had MRSA. In 75 of those cases, it was believed to have contributed to the patient's death. The report also revealed that almost half of the patients with MRSA had the infection when they were admitted. This survey was done for a considerably larger ample. There were 301,894 surgical admissions to Scottish hospitals in 2005, with 240,302 patients having an operation. In 17.8% of cases where the patient died after surgery, they had shown a hospital acquired infection (HAI). This can be compared with 23.5% of people who died after surgery in 2004 (MRSA watch, 2006a). These figures, from the Scottish Audit of Surgical Mortality showed an improvement in terms of MRSA management in Scotland in comparison with that of 2004. The implementation of MRSA infection control guidelines by all the nursing staff in Scotland is crucial in reducing the impact of MRSA on wound healing. Reports confirm that NHS Lanarkshire infection control teams have been responding to the problem by working to tackle the issue with a range of initiatives to help combat infection, including specialist infection control

Functions of carbohydrates,vitamisn,fats,minerals,protein,h2O Essay

Functions of carbohydrates,vitamisn,fats,minerals,protein,h2O - Essay Example nly used; it is normally obtained as a result of digestion of such disaccharides (double sugars) as a source of cane sugar, maltose from cereal grains or from polysaccharides The glucose level of the blood is stabilized by storage of surplus amounts of glycogen (body starch), and their subsequent reconversion and release at a later time when blood levels again become low. Fructose and galactose are two other simple sugars that may be utilized directly for energy production; Carbohydrates contain three elements: carbon, oxygen and nitrogen; their relatively high oxygen content enables them to oxidize cleanly, yielding only carbondioxide and waste product, thus making them a very efficient energy source. Although caloric needs may also be met by fats and proteins, a minimum amount of carbohydrates is essential for safe metabolism of fats. Fats reduced to 25% or less, is the minimum amount which is needed for good health. One of its most valuable functions is the transport of the fat soluble vitamins A and D which are essential to life itself. A moderate amount of fat in one’s diet can increase and maintain the feeling of satiety or satisfaction following a meal because it slows the rate at which food is moved out of the stomach. The relatively high carbon and hydrogen content of fat makes it highly concentrated source of fuel, a dietary feature that is sometimes useful during cold weather when caloric needs are high. A moderate amount of stored fat is also useful as a means of insulation against cold and as a protection for certain vital organs such as kidneys. Proteins contain nitrogen and sulphur, in addition to carbon, hydrogen and oxygen as in carbohydrates and fats. Their molecular structure is quite complex and consists of numerous smaller components termed amino acids. Although the body can synthesize many of the 23 amino acids that are known to exists, 8 of these essential components cannot be synthesized and must be obtained from one’s diet.

Schedule and Cost Control Techniques College Essay

Schedule and Cost Control Techniques College - Essay Example As a project manager of this important project, I believe the success of this project is my responsibility and I believe that in order to make it a success, the costs and schedules associated with this project need to be considered and management effectively. Since Project management is a very delicate job and requires the necessary skills and aptitudes to implement and execute them as smoothly as one can. However, it is always possible that the earlier estimates made, schedules prepared may go awry as the future is always uncertain. This means that project managers may not always meet their targeted budgets and schedules. As a first step to review the schedules and control processes, it is very important that project managers must ensure their weekly review. This would allow the necessary flexibility and control over the various cost processes and may provide necessary insight into the overall direction of project. A new project like this requires change and one of the most important issues which modern project managers face is the fact that change is not easily get accepted. In order to make this happen, it is very important that the same is being get accepted. This is also important because of the fact that implementation of the new system would certainly add up new processes which employees has to perform.

The Implications of MRSA on Wound Healing Case Study

The Implications of MRSA on Wound Healing - Case Study Example There have been confirmed reports that patients who are getting admitted to hospitals for the treatment are most affected group due to MRSA infection (Craig Brown, 2006). It was also found that patients who stay for longer period in hospitals are found to be infected with MRSA in higher rate. MRSA also affects the wound healing negatively. Hence the proper nursing treatment techniques and strict maintenance of hygiene is very much needed for effective cure of MRSA. It has been found in the research studies that MRSA worsens the conditions of wound healing and hence draws attention of medical personnel through out the world. The management of this disease has become more crucial especially in a community set up. The role of base level functionaries like nurses is quite phenomenal in successful management of this disease. Scotland also has a remarkable number of patients suffering from MRSA. It has become a frequent cause of nosocomial infection, its increasing prevalence posing serious therapeutic and infection control problems within the hospital environment. Extended hospitalisation and antibiotic therapy have been identified as additional risk factors for MRSA carriage and infection. It is not exaggerating to comment that MRSA is a major challenge to the burn patient, with potential to cause significant morbidity and mortality. Burn patients have been shown to become colonised and infected more readily than other patient groups. Extensive bu rn injuries are particularly susceptible to infection as a result of the disruption of the normal skin barrier and accompanying depression of immune responses. Microbial surveillance, epidemiological studies and the introduction of strict infection control regimes can definitely reduce the prevalence of MRSA but may be insufficient for eradication or prevention of outbreak situations if not accompanied with community awareness programmes in Scotland. It was found that nearly one fifth of patients who died after surgery in 2005 had developed an infection in hospitals according to a national survey in Scotland. A total of 126 people, 7.6% of those who died after surgery, had MRSA. In 75 of those cases, it was believed to have contributed to the patient's death. The report also revealed that almost half of the patients with MRSA had the infection when they were admitted. This survey was done for a considerably larger ample. There were 301,894 surgical admissions to Scottish hospitals in 2005, with 240,302 patients having an operation. In 17.8% of cases where the patient died after surgery, they had shown a hospital acquired infection (HAI). This can be compared with 23.5% of people who died after surgery in 2004 (MRSA watch, 2006a). These figures, from the Scottish Audit of Surgical Mortality showed an improvement in terms of MRSA management in Scotland in comparison with that of 2004. The implementation of MRSA infection control guidelines by all the nursing staff in Scotland is crucial in reducing the impact of MRSA on wound healing. Reports confirm that NHS Lanarkshire infection control teams have been responding to the problem by working to tackle the issue with a range of initiatives to help combat infection, including specialist infection control

Schedule and Cost Control Techniques College Essay

Schedule and Cost Control Techniques College - Essay Example As a project manager of this important project, I believe the success of this project is my responsibility and I believe that in order to make it a success, the costs and schedules associated with this project need to be considered and management effectively. Since Project management is a very delicate job and requires the necessary skills and aptitudes to implement and execute them as smoothly as one can. However, it is always possible that the earlier estimates made, schedules prepared may go awry as the future is always uncertain. This means that project managers may not always meet their targeted budgets and schedules. As a first step to review the schedules and control processes, it is very important that project managers must ensure their weekly review. This would allow the necessary flexibility and control over the various cost processes and may provide necessary insight into the overall direction of project. A new project like this requires change and one of the most important issues which modern project managers face is the fact that change is not easily get accepted. In order to make this happen, it is very important that the same is being get accepted. This is also important because of the fact that implementation of the new system would certainly add up new processes which employees has to perform.

Transportation Management Essay Example for Free

Transportation Management Essay Transportation plays a vital role in the department of transport.   Transportation includes road, railways, aviation, shipping etc.   The mission of transportation is to safely cover the distance between the two destinations. The board known as the Transportation Research Board carries out these transportation objectives. This type of board mission is to create an innovation and to develop the growth of the transportation. The mission objective is to improve the steps that are earlier carried out by the transportation department. Modification should be the strategy among the board management. The change should be followed by the application or execution of the recent progress made by other countries in the means of transportation. The boards work is to share the rules or implications to the management authority. The management authority should split the information to the persons appointed to do the work. The practitioners should practice it and the researchers should implement it with proper management skills. Different countries have separate rules and regulation according to which different countries work out there system and police according to their plans. But the main theme of the transportation should safe, comfortable and no pestering occurs during transportation. For example it should be seen that the aviation transportation department should have the proper following rules for a free access of the transportation. Not only the air traffic should be well organized but also the customers services are also be managed by the management board. The ticketing system should have extra precaution arrangement as soon as the customers are purchasing a ticket. Flight fares with proper reservation of the seats should well clarify before purchasing it. Services to the customers on board should be well handed to the professionals who are related to the hospitality Industry. Airport authority management should be well organized in the planes arrival and departure. Organization teams should be well trained before they are put into practice. The board of aviation should chalk out there plans of the whole systems before operating it. (Trb, 2006) The American and European are usually initiated, financed and well constructed by the private enterprise. They are well maintained and sound controlled. The government has provided a lot of fund and opportunity to the private organization so that the citizen do not face problem in transportation. The private organization has taken the transport system quiet acutely and they had implemented the transport system in a well-organized manner. They normally solve the problem as quickly as possible without getting delayed. The more spontaneous they work out the problem it will be helpful to the board to go ahead with other situation that are creating or having a problem. The American and the European transport system facilities had developed so quickly that the other countries are planning to have that type of transportation system that they do not possess. Even the metro railway transportation system is better than that of India. They provide faster and advanced transportation system to the citizens that they dont face crisis situation. Compare and contrast comes when there are disadvantages seen in the transportation system in the countries of America and European countries. (Prisma-eu, 2007) As road transportation is concerned, the board should have an organized planning. Roads and highways should be well connected to each and every cities, towns and villages. Road tracks should not be having traffic problems and for that professionals should direct the traffic signal operation. To control the system in the streets and roads the board should appoint police those can gratis the traffic if any problem occurs. They should be skilled well and they should be taught with different problems of the roads rules and regulation safety norms so that they do not face any difficulty when they are in the operation. They should be provided with proper dress and the functions of the job should be distributed according to the work knowledge is concerned. Railway is another feature of transportation .The country progress depends on this very system others are also equally valuable but the railway transportation is one of the main criteria. For long distance travel, passengers are provided with better seating as well as the sleeping arrangements along with the service of food and beverages. Normally the travelers those who travel in trains can provide ample time for transportation and the fare here are also low in comparison to the airlines, road and shipping. Transportation in train takes a lot of time to cover the distance that the travelers want to travel, in comparison to other faster transportation. The board of railways should provide more facilities to its customers in terms of their previous arrangement of services that they have given earlier. Air transportation is receiving more customers than the railways because they are providing quicker destination service with an affordable rate. To cope with that type of facilities railways board of management taking actions of not increasing the price of the ticket and also in the service provided. The board always has to see that they do not loose its customers due to increase in the various area of transportation system. (Prisma-eu, 2006) References: Trb; 2006; Critical Issues in Transportation; trb.org; retrieved on 07.02.2008 from http://www.trb.org/news/blurb_detail.asp?ID=5786 Prisma-eu; 2006; Implications of Pan-European best practice in eTransport delivery; prisma-eu.com Prisma-eu; 2007; eTransport 2010 vision; prisma-eu.com

Comparative Study On Compulsory Voting Politics Essay

Comparative Study On Compulsory Voting Politics Essay Compulsory voting can help people to meet their obligation for the democratic society and reduce the inequality of turnouts in election in USA. Introduction This study explores various aspects of democracy and compulsory voting in the present political scenario with particular focus on the USA. The Thesis Statement is: Compulsory voting can help people to meet their obligation for the democratic society and reduce the inequality of turnouts in election in USA. This paper is a comparative analysis of the works of different scholars on the democracy and voting. The topic chosen for the study is A Comparative Study on Compulsory Voting. The first part of the paper covers different aspects of the voting. The paper covers thoughts of Plato, Aristotle, Bellamy, Tocqueville, Kilborn, Zakaria, Daltono and others. Democracy and idea of compulsory voting do not go along as per the basic concept is concerned. However, unless the voting percent is high, the objectives of democracy can not be achieved. This opens avenues for discussion over the required and right approach for the compulsory voting and democracy. The countries compared and covered in this paper are Australia, America, some European countries like UK, France, Canada, Belgium and Thailand. Compulsory Voting Definition Compulsory voting has been defined in the following way: Birch (2009) defines compulsory voting as, Compulsory voting can be defined very simply as the legal obligation to attend the polls at election time and perform whatever duties are required there of electors. Concepts of Compulsory Voting Why to focus on compulsory voting? There are 29 countries in the world that have laws to fully force their citizens to take part in elections, and this constitutes a quarter of whole democratic countries (Birch, 2009). But in the compulsory voting states, the general perception about compulsory voting is that it is a relic of the past which has lost its utility in the present time and that it will ultimately vanish from the surface of the world as voters flex their muscles, states fight for their liberal powers and struggle to free themselves from all types of compulsion. In fact the states stand is definitely different from much modern political thought, which is more and more coming to see duties and rights as going hand to hand. Moreover participation in elections remains voluntary in many states. In the year 2006, there were three major reports issued on the topic of UK by the Electoral Commission, the Society of Hansard and Public Policy Research Institution (Ballinger, 2006; El ectoral Commission, 2006; Keaney and Rogers, 2006). The same problem is faced by France and Canada where prominent members have recently called for the electoral participation to be mandatory. The big fact that compulsory voting has currently received too much attention from practicing politicians whose suggestion that it is ripe time for a reviewing of the old institution of voluntary voting is alarming. Widespread, high voter turnout legitimizes government and helps correct for lower levels of political participation and influence among socio-economically disadvantaged groups. However, state efforts to increase turnouts are unlikely to succeed if they merely chip away at the already low cost of voting. To reach consistently high turnout, state actors must look to richer understandings of voter behavior. (Marisam, 2009) Oddly enough, there has not been even a single monograph available on compulsory voting in English language for 50 years. We dont claim that any studies have not been done on the topic. As a matter of fact it has been the subject of a range of academic journal articles, and its scope has been so much widened that it also touched on literatures as varied as on wealth inequality, etc. Yet compulsory voting tends to be studied mainly for context analyses which have principal objects for investigation. This aims to fill up the gap between scholarly literature by providing a fully detailed overview of the practice, history, cause and effect of the legal obligation for vote. If ever compulsory voting is to be introduced in polities, it is very important to have clear understanding of the different arguments for and against compulsory voting. One of the main functions of this study is to assess and evaluate the entire issue. Compulsory voting has been introduced in a number of contexts deal ing with a range of problems, from Belgium in 1893 to electoral corruption in Thailand over a century later in 1997. This research seeks to widen the study of compulsory voting by elaborating and systematically examining each of the effects against comparative proof from all over the world. Compulsory electoral contribution considerably alters the enticement structures which are faced by all the actors in the electoral field, from voters to parties and candidates and to electoral administrators. Compulsory voting is mainly investigated to understand and elucidate the impact of the institution on phenomena such as party strategies, electoral integrity, political engagement, electoral outcomes and policy outcomes. Drawing from a range of scholarly fields, this Article introduces a comprehensive framework for how state actors can conceive of and contemplate efforts to increase turnout. An understanding of how to engage core voter motivations, such as self-interest, social identity, altruistic cooperation, and community norms, must inform these efforts.   (Marisam, 2009) Conceptualizing Compulsory Voting It has been largely recognized by electoral behavioral lists that there are a number of factors that bring people to the polls. We can here conceptualize the incentives to vote which generally fall into two wide categories; push and pull factors. Pull factor in which pull includes the range of vote motive and it also includes wish to influence electoral outcome, it has expressive aim, goal, objective, identification with political contestants and perceptions of civil duties (e.g. Campbell et al., 1960; Riker and Ordeshook, 1968; Verba et al., 1978; Powell, 1980; 1982; 1986; Crewe, 1981; Rosenstone and Hansen, 1993; Dalton, 1996; Franklin, 1996; 2002; 2004; Gray and Caul, 2000; Blais, 2000; Norris 2002; 2004). The lawful compulsion to vote is a main push factor; voters are urged to the polling booths by the law and they are threatened by the sanctions. But still there are other kinds of pressures also that can be exerted to make people come to vote. It includes political and social in fluences and generally operates outside the ambit of formal political institution and it never can be marked effectively. Such types of pressures are known for bringing forth highest rates of turnout and have been achieved in different parts of the world- the USSRs frequently reported 99.99% levels of electoral participation (Bruner, 1990). Australian System of Compulsory voting as discussed by Young Hill, (2009) has the high turnout rates and high informal voting. Although Australias compulsory voting system (4) has led to a very high rate of turnout in Australiaon average around 93 per cent of registered voters (5)there is also a high informal voting rate and this has led to the political exclusion of significant numbers of citizens. At each national election in Australia, hundreds of thousands of votes are not counted because the ballots are improperly filled out. The informal vote rate is an indicator of social and political exclusion, with particular groups of Australians being inordinately disadvantaged. The fact that this indicator has increased in four out of the past five federal elections is of significant concern.  (Young Hill, 2009) A Typology of compulsory voting Form of obligation Sanctioned Unsanctioned Formal Sanctioned electoral compulsion ( e.g. Australia ) Unsanctioned electoral compulsion (e.g. Venezuela ) Informal Sanctions, benefits in the absence of formal compulsion (USSR) No Compulsion, little pressure to vote (USA) Table: 1 Full Participation Sarah Birch Political parties may also play an important role in influencing Coercive mobilization  (see Cox and Kousser, 1981; Hasen, 2000; Lehoucq 2003). At least, sometimes even ordinary social pressure proves to be a powerful force in encouraging and boosting people to vote. Campbell et al., 1960;  Rosenstone and Hansen, 1993; Blais, 2000; Franklin, 2004) It should be considered that while discussing compulsory electoral participation, we mainly focus on the cases where electors have legal obligation for polls. But usually, legal and informal socio-political forces play very complex role.   Participation of voters in the voting process due to legal obligation congruent with social and political norms must be considered a variation within state machineries along with sub-cultural, geographical or the other lines- in the forms of congruence. Ian McAllister and Toni Makkai have linked high levels of informal voting in Australia to the interaction between compulsory voting, the presence of large numbers of immigrants within the electorate and the complexity of the electoral system. (38) The frequency of elections, the disparity between voting methods at three distinct levels of government and the presence of compulsory preferential voting, all combine to create a complex voting system that makes it difficult for those with low English and literacy and numeracy competence to record a formal vote. (39) It is telling that, of late, informal voting in New South Wales has been higher than the national average  (Young Hill, 2009) In simple way we should understand that there are two ways of obligation to vote: informal (social and political) and the formal (legal). It should also be clearly noted that enforcement of formal compulsory electoral participation needs to be related to cultural environment and politics which help in the reinforcement of voting (i.e. congruence between legal and socio-political forces). Malouf puts it, compulsory voting `is a great leveler which forces us `to remember that however grand we may think ourselves, we have just one say like everyone else (cited in Jones 1996: 23). Zachary Elkins (1996:iv), wrote that from the idea Brazilian case, and suggested that compulsory voting laws are very important and it holds means civic habits and structuring a culture participatory in nations where democracy is not yet consolidated. Senator Nick Minchin has made the debatable argument that `compulsory voting has in fact a donor to the low level of political knowledge in modern Australia (1996b: 18), and according to Morgan Poll conducted in 1997 show that 67 per cent of Australians was in favor of compulsory voting. According to the Newspoll market research of Australian electoral commission 1996, 3rd march and 74 % was at the side of compulsory voting at the federal election. Compulsory voting presents very significant connection between vertically (between governed and gove rnors) and horizontally (between members of the electorate). It is silly and strange to suggest that voting is solution for many problems such like problems of power asymmetries which is linked with democracies, so it clearly seen that voting can work to restructure some of the effective marginality. Rydon (1997: 177) also stressed that genuine democracy needs that people should be completely free to vote. In the case, an individual does not want to vote than freedom should be in his hands no one can force him. Majority report of current parliamentary question on compulsory voting and stated: `if Australia is to consider itself a mature democracy, compulsory voting should now be abolished (Wright 1997). Stevens (1984: 84-91) noted that in this case voting became state election rule in Australia. It became compulsory in 1980. An education program was brought by Australian Electoral Office to explain election effectiveness, and voting propose was to prevent and effective disenfranchisement which is caused by informal votes (Jaensch et al. 1981). State and Government Ideal state and justice by Plato and Aristotle According to Plato only through society (state) good life can be possible. He also mentions that society is a natural institution and all human beings are political and social animals. State exists only for the sake of good life. Now according to Plato, freedom and economic well-being can not define good life. And justice should be the aim if we intend to have a good society and lead a good life. Justice is therefore must conformed by a true state (the Ideal of which exists in the World of Forms). And so state must not define what is just. Justice is an entity of knowledge, and it is one of the forms. This is the reason that every statesman should be a philosopher. And supposing he is not the same, he will only lead the state towards self-destruction. Justice for the state is equivalent to justice for any individual, and state must be regarded as a pattern of justice for every individual. According to Plato souls have three parts: Fig: 1 The City-State According to Plato justice always exists in individual when the lower appetites are subject to government of reason. The state should be in peace and harmony and this peace of the state is analogous to the peace of the individual. Recall Socrates self-rule. Freedom actually means what we have to do with wisdom and have ability to do what we ought. In other words, it is only when our appetites are subject to reason that every individual can do whatever they ought to do. This is clear that unjust person cant control his anger, and he can only moderate his passion towards money, etc. So for Plato justice is a form of order, a harmony between the appetites and reason. Plato also means that just person will never allow his anger to move towards something irrational in any way. So only in this way just person is truly free, so the same thing applies to state also that only that state which is just is truly free. Thus, the just state looks like the following Fig: 2 the City-State Justice in Aristotles View: (The Nicomachean Ethics, pp. 741-748.) The Greek words for justice and injustice are more unclear than the recent English vocabulary. For Aristotle Justice is a virtue-a sort of character feature. For him justice is a part of ones motives and behavior. He accepts clearly a line between all those who participate in a society/state but do nothing. According to him only few are true citizens of the state who take part in state. People who stay in state and work for it but do not meet any of the criteria of being true citizen and should not receive any benefit of political enterprise. Aristotle searches virtue in terms of the Golden Mean, if justice is a virtue as we think then it must be some kind of mean. Thus it must be some kind of intermediate act, between some sort of extreme circumstances. Sometimes, states character can be recognized by its effects and by the effects of its opposites. So roughly one can find out that a person is unhealthy because he holds certain types of characteristics which are opposite to healthy characteristics. Though Aristotle thinks that the characteristics of justice are vague and he feels to identify the characteristics for injustice and work. A person who does not follow law is unjust and greedy. The just person necessarily follows the law and seeks for his fair share in state. Greed: A person who is greedy only wants to grab everything. Every thing is not absolutely good or is not good for everyone but a greedy person can not understand it. Law:  The law is loyal to the benefit for all, or to the benefit for the best, or to the benefit for all those in power. Thus it serves the creation or the safeguarding of cheerfulness within politics. The law orders us to perform according to the mean. A well-written law follows the mean well and the poorly written law does not. So it is clear that Justice is a virtue that can be applied to all neighbors and fellow citizens. Justice is not a particular intermediate but it is a way of looking intermediates. It is justice for all fellow citizens, but when it gets considered, it becomes abstract. Education of the guardian by Plato and Aristotle Platos Republic is most excellent and is known all over the world for its ultimate defense of justice. It also includes an equally powerful protection of philosophical education. Platos ideas of education, however, are hard to distinguish because of the unnecessary details of conversation. Socrates (Platos representative of dialogue) posits two contradictory visions of education (the first is the education of the warrior guardians and the second is the philosopher-kings education), but he also provides a slight description of education between the educational methods he uses with Glaucon and Adeimantus. While the spectacular framework of the conversation makes facets of the  Republic  tricky to clutch, in the case of education, it also provides the key to locating and understanding Socrates factual idea of education. Socrates educational approach interlocutors directly correspond with his vision of the education of the philosopher-kings. And partly suggest that the allegory of the yielding is representative of factual Socratic education. The first explanation of education, however, is not an incorporated dialogue lacking reason. In accordance with the playful, progressive and philosophical education, recommended by the yield equivalence and the philosopher-kings education, Socrates uses many unreliable and frequently contradictory thoughts and images (among which is the first account of education) regularly directs his pupils in the direction of a personal understanding of knowledge and philosophy. The aim of education is to create a good man. By nature every man is good. He has to study to manage his animal behavior through the exercise of reason. Man behaves according to customs and reason as a rational being and he is able to have pleasure. Education aims at the development of the potentialities every man has. It must seek for mans intellectual capacities for development and personal growth and highest level of physical and mental strength and health. Form of government by Aristotle Aristotle discussed three more different kinds of constitution namely oligarchy, democracy, and polity in his works (Ackrill, 1997, Aristotle, translated by Ostwald, 1999). There are numerous kinds of democracy and numerous kinds of oligarchy. The words few and many envelop a range of social categories, reversing from one city to other, and the term rule covers a range of actions which are carried out with the help of various organs. This is a good matter to deal and activities are allocated to social category. It is clear which organ of administration is managed and controlled by which groups but all this is enclosed by the umbrella terms few and many. Depending on how closely power is scattered, there are numerous unusual kinds and forms of government in Platos table. In his book The Politics he distinguishes between good and bad forms of ruling, whether it is rule by many (democracy), by a few (oligarchy, aristocracy) or by one (monarchy). Aristotle in his book clearly stated that he was never in favor of democracy and democracy is not the best form of government. As it is also right for oligarchy and monarchy, rule in democracy is mainly for and by the people named in the government type. But according to him in democratic form of system, rule is by and for the needy only. In disparity, rule of law or aristocracy (literally, power [rule] of the best) or even monarchy, where the ruler has the attention of his country by his whole heart, are improved types of government. Influence of democracy on the feeling of the Americans Government, Aristotle says, must be by those people who have sufficient time in their hands to follow virtue. In present U.S. drive towards movement of financing laws planned to build the political life existing even without well- endowed fathers. It is very unusual from the contemporary generation politicians who only move by wealth at the cost of the citizenry. Aristotle believes that rulers should be propertied and leisured, so, without any fear they can give their time to produce virtue. Aristotle actually does not favor any one form of Government. There are possibly three types of government, oligarchy, polity and monarchy. Aristotle perhaps favors the last type. Polity is made up of the major groups of individuals who have slightest chance to do any real damage to the state. Oligarchy is made up of the aristocracy. And monarchy is made up of only one ruler. All these have the greater chance of damage because action can be taken by few individuals. For all time Aristotle approximately prefers a middle (mean) position to one of the extremes. Influence of democracy on the feeling of the Americans The book Democracy in America by Tocqueville translated by Henry Reeve says that United States paid very less attention towards philosophy in this civilized world. Americans dont have even a philosophical school of their own. They do care but very less for all the schools and in that sense Europe is divided, and the name of such a school is scarcely known to them. Democracy and Oligarchy Definition Democracy has been defined differently by different authors. A simple definition of democracy by Joseph Schumpeter is that institutional arrangement for arriving at political decisions in which individuals acquire the power to decide by means of a competitive struggle for the peoples vote (as cited by Cheema and Maguire, 2004) The democracy has been divided into different categories and countries are placed within different regimes. The Economist Intelligence Units democracy index is based on five categories: electoral process and pluralism; civil liberties; the functioning of government; political participation; and political culture. Countries are placed within one of four types of regimes: full democracies; flawed democracies; hybrid regimes; and authoritarian regimes. (The Economist, 2008) Table: Democracies across the world Influence of democracy on the feeling of the Americans( Tocqueville) According to the Tocqueville there is only one county on this earth where whole citizens enjoy maximum freedom of association for political purposes. America is the only country where continual exercise of right to association has been introduced into civil life. In other countries where political associations are illegal, civil associations are rare but connection between these two kinds of associations is necessary. In many states participation in elections remains voluntary and growing number of voices which call for making it legal obligation never gets successful. In the year 2006 UK issued major report on it which is clearly given in the introduction part. Here the main things to focus is that compulsory voting is very much appreciated by the political leaders who all are practicing and giving advice that time is ripe for a reviewing of institution scholar. Civil association facilitates political association while on the other side political association strengthens and develops the association for civil purposes. In civil life, every human may speak harshly so that he can be provided for his own want. When people have any idea of public life, they enjoy it very much. Politics gives birth to all associations in civil life but is rarely interested in drawing numbers of men to act concretely. It needs high quality of skills but in politics opportunities are present every day. In politics men come together for clear and great understanding and through this they make principles of association to teach them how to co-operate each other. A political association brings a number of people at the same time out of their own circle. Civil association never gets any contribution from political association. People look upon public association as a lucrative world because here people are free to do anything in a democratic manner. According to the aut hor art of association is like mother of action which can be applied to all. Liberal and global focus on democratic participation in election is democracy. George said that he even heard about America that voting is most important right as being an American citizen and him also mentioned that democracy is very precious system for people and for country. Relation of civil to political association by Tocqueville Reeve further elaborates American democracy by the condition of equality that leads men to entertain instinctive of the supernatural and exaggerated opinion of the human understanding. Men who live in social equality are not easily led to place that intellectual authority in which they blow beyond and above humanity. Every ordinary person commonly seeks for sources of truth in themselves, and this is enough to prove that no new religions and schemes can be established for such purposes as they are not immoral. This is again clear that democratic people will not give credence to marvelous mission; people will seek to discover the chief arbiter and go beyond their limits of human kind. An individual is compared with others for equality in democratic country as he is equal to others in civil society. In United States every individual adopts great numbers of theories on morals, politics, and philosophy without any inquiry upon public trust. This is a fact that political laws of the Unite d States are majority rules and the political community has sovereignty and this increases their power. Effects of compulsory voting on Australia According to Mackerras and McAllister (1996: 2) in compulsory voting Australia has an efficient system and it is probably oldest of any advanced democracies. In year 1997 Parliament recommended that compulsory voting necessity for referenda and federal elections be repealed and this was reported by Joint Standing Committee on Electoral Matters table. Few year back when Chris Ellison was Senator of Australia (the minister responsible for federal electoral arrangements presented a bill to Australian Parliament which was against prisoners of Australia and in that bill, it was about to deny prisoners rights for federal rights for voting. According to Senator Nick Minchin ( 1996a: 245,248) said that compulsory voting is a fundamental breach of civil liberties and that it is `inconsistent with the essence of a free and democratic society to force people to vote There was the claim that liberal- democratic principles of choice and freedom which violated by compulsion voting, on the other-s ide there are some fundamental democratic ideals and principles and that is: legitimacy, representativeness, minimization of elite power and political equality (Stevens 1984: 61; Johns 1998: 368-9). Since voluntary voting low down and give incomplete information regarding the electorate, one could easily argue on it that democratic principle of popular sovereignty enhances by compulsory voting. Those who all are free over the liberal principles in this philosophical war stated that compulsory voting post minor restriction on freedom of personal in comparison to the other collective action or problems which is resolved in democracies by mandatory such like: jury duty, paying taxes and compulsory school attendances (Lijphart 1997: 1). The fact that compulsory voting annoyance on the state to sure insertion on individuals voting, and also suggested that voting obligation is actually reciprocal one. So it is clear compulsory voting is a misnomer, it is only a kind of attendance at a polling place (entailing having ones name marked off the roll, collecting the ballot papers and putting them in the ballot box) that is compulsory. The AEC never search to force people to note their ballot paper, so therefore great chance and opportunity to participate in state activities. Compulsory voting is a nosy and odd incident but apparently neither it bothered to Australians, nor have they make compulsion for voting, very few asked questions against paradoxical status and liberal democratic relation principles. Many of the Australian felt that voting is not a compulsion in-fact it is a fair to understand that voting is undemanding civic obligation and it is seen in Australia mainly in political culture which deeply supported Aust ralian electorate. Compulsory voting functions as an agent of social cohesion which mainly focus on public etymologically: till what extent voluntary voting can shape of republic and this give understanding regarding the relationship between community and voting. Compulsory voting provides a rare occasion for solitary participation. Liberal democracy and global focus on democracy by Fareed Zakaria The US government is stuck on democracy that it has been keenly promoting it all over the globe. US State Department officials and politicians have connected eligibility for help to democratic improvements within the nations. Zakaria (2003) seems to have no objection to the aid. He just wishes that the United States would stop demanding that countries make democratic reforms as a condition for receiving the assistance. Therefore, many nations in Africa, South America, and Asia who have turned more democratic in recent years, but at the same time have become less free. What you end up with, the author writes, is little unlike from autocracy; albeit one that has greater legitimacy. Struggling nations require the rule of law and right and respect for individual constitutional liberalism very much. US government has been unconsciously approaching democracy on individual level. To take a step toward greater democracy is also obvious in America, however Zakaria (2003) does not like what he sees. He argues that people believe in the balance between the right of the majority and the will of the minority. America is at the same time pursuing a simple-minded theory that all people should value the legitimacy of democracy. This philosophy has destructed all old institutions and undermined all traditional authorities. Congress in America for example, is more democratic, but Zakaria (2003) adds that it is therefore more open to special-interest group pressures. The author too supports Zakaria (2003) and also states that spread of direct democracy that is, referenda and vote initiative is prevalent in the US. On these processes, Leef (2003) says; give us a jumble of laws, often contradictory, without any of the debate, deliberation, and compromise that characterize legislation. Zakarias (2003) solution moves towards decision making and that is not democratic, therefore sightedness and special interest pressure remains. Zakaria (2003) really admires Federal Reserve because it is insulated by democracy. However this book is not well thought about the problems which Americans face and there people are making many different political decisions democratically. According to the author constitutional liberalism must return but deemphasizing democracy makes difference in political institution. Here author says that earlier democratic system in America was very less and was totally authoritarian government mandates but still it passed a lot of legislation as Zakaria (2003) wanted, thats why the author says that Zakaria (2003) has lost sight of the goal and he never focuses much on the goal namely a restoration of constitutional liberalism. Conclusion In the last, the long arguments rem